Tag Archives: ErrorVariable

cmdlet, Sleep, Start

Start-Sleep

NAME
    Start-Sleep

SYNOPSIS
    Suspends the activity in a script or session for the specified period of time.

SYNTAX
    Start-Sleep -Milliseconds <int> [<CommonParameters>]

    Start-Sleep [-Seconds] <int> [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Start-Sleep cmdlet suspends the activity in a script or session for the specified period of time. You can use it for many tasks, such as waiting for an operation to complete or pausing before repeating an operation.

PARAMETERS
    -Milliseconds <int>
        Specifies how long the resource sleeps in milliseconds. The parameter can be abbreviated as “-m”.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Seconds <int>
        Specifies how long the resource sleeps in seconds. You can omit the parameter name (“Seconds”), or you can abbreviate it as “-s”.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByValue, ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    System.Int32
        You can pipe the number of seconds to Start-Sleep.

OUTPUTS
    None
        This cmdlet does not return any output.

NOTES

        You can also refer to Start-Sleep by its built-in Alias, “sleep”. For more information, see about_aliases.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>Start-Sleep -s 15

    Description
    ———–
    This command makes all commands in the session sleep for 15 seconds.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Start-Sleep -m 500

    Description
    ———–
    This command makes all the commands in the session sleep for one-half of a second (500 milliseconds).

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113407

cmdlet, Start, Transaction

Start-Transaction

NAME
    Start-Transaction

SYNOPSIS
    Starts a transaction.

SYNTAX
    Start-Transaction [-Independent] [-RollbackPreference {Error | TerminatingError | Never}] [-Timeout <int>] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Start-Transaction cmdlet starts a transaction, which is a series of commands that are managed as a unit. A transaction can be completed (“committed”), or it can be completely undone (“rolled back”) so that any data changed by the transaction is restored to its original state. Because the commands in a transaction are managed as a unit, either all commands are committed or all commands are rolled back.

    By default, transactions are rolled back automatically if any command in the transaction generates an error, but you can use the RollbackPreference parameter to change this behavior.

    The cmdlets used in a transaction must be designed to support transactions. Cmdlets that support transactions have a UseTransaction parameter. To perform transactions in a provider, the provider must support transactions. The Windows PowerShell Registry provider in Windows Vista and later versions of Windows supports transactions. You can also use the Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Management.TransactedString class to include expressions in transactions on any version of Windows that supports Windows PowerShell. Other Windows PowerShell providers can also support transactions.

    Only one transaction can be active at a time. If you start a new, independent transaction while a transaction is in progress (neither completed nor undone), the new transaction becomes the active transaction, and you must commit or roll back the new transaction before making any changes to the original transaction.

    The Start-Transaction cmdlet is one of a set of cmdlets that support the transactions feature in Windows PowerShell. For more information, see about_transactions.

PARAMETERS
    -Independent [<SwitchParameter>]
        Starts a transaction that is independent of any transactions in progress. By default, if you use Start-Transaction while another transaction is in progress, a new subscriber is added to the transaction in progress. This parameter has an effect only when a transaction is already in progress in the session.

        By default, if you use Start-Transaction while a transaction is in progress, the existing transaction object is reused and the subscriber count is incremented. The effect is much like joining the original transaction. An Undo-Transaction command rolls back the entire the transaction. To complete the transaction, you must enter a Complete-Transaction command for each subscriber. Because most transactions that are in progress at the same time are related, the default is sufficient for most uses.

        If you use the Independent parameter, a new transaction is created that can be completed or undone without affecting the original transaction. However, because only one transaction can be active at a time, you must complete or roll back the new transaction before resuming work on the original transaction.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                Reuse the original transaction object.
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -RollbackPreference <RollbackSeverity>
        Specifies the conditions under which a transaction is automatically rolled back. The default value is “Error”.

        Valid values are:

        — Error: The transaction is rolled back automatically if a terminating or non-terminating error occurs. “Error” is the default.
        — Terminating error: The transaction is rolled back automatically if a terminating error occurs.
        — Never: The transaction is never rolled back automatically.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                Error
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Timeout <int>
        Specifies the maximum time, in minutes, that the transaction is active. When the time-out expires, the transaction is automatically rolled back.

        By default, there is no time-out for transactions that are started at the command line. When transactions are started by a script, the default time-out is 30 minutes.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                No timeout (infinite)
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    None
        You cannot pipe input to this cmdlet.

OUTPUTS
    None
        This cmdlet does not generate any output.

NOTES

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>cd hkcu:\software

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction

    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> New-Itemproperty MyCompany -name MyKey -value 123 -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> Undo-Transaction

    Description
    ———–
    These commands start and then roll back a transaction. Because the transaction is rolled back, no changes are made to the Registry.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>cd hkcu:\software

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction

    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> New-Itemproperty MyCompany -name MyKey -value 123 -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> Complete-Transaction

    Description
    ———–
    These commands start and then complete a transaction. No changes are made to the Registry until the Complete-Transaction command is used.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 3 ————————–

    C:\PS>cd HKCU:\software
    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path NoPath -name MyCompany -UseTransaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path . -name MyCompany -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction -RollbackPreference never
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path NoPath -name MyCompany -UseTransaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path . -name MyCompany -UseTransaction

    # Start-Transaction (-RollbackPreference error)

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path NoPath -Name MyCompany -UseTransaction
    New-Item : The Registry key at the specified path does not exist.
    At line:1 char:9
    + New-Item <<<< -path NoPath -Name MyCompany -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path . -name MyCompany -UseTransaction
    New-Item : Cannot use transaction. The transaction has been rolled back or has timed out.
    At line:1 char:9
    + New-Item <<<< -path . -name MyCompany -UseTransaction

    # Start-Transaction (-RollbackPreference never)
    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction -RollbackPreference never
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path NoPath -name MyCompany -UseTransaction
    New-Item : The Registry key at the specified path does not exist.
    At line:1 char:9
    + New-Item <<<< -path NoPath -name MyCompany -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item -path . -name MyCompany -UseTransaction
     Hive: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software

    SKC VC Name                         Property
    — — —-                         ——–
     0 0 MyCompany                     {}

    PS HKCU:\Software> Complete-Transaction
    # Succeeds

    Description
    ———–
    This example demonstrates the effect of changing the RollbackPreference parameter value.

    In the first set of commands, the Start-Transaction command does not use the RollbackPreference parameter. As a result, the default value (“Error”) is used. When an error occurs in a transaction command (the specified path does not exist), the transaction is automatically rolled back.

    In the second set of commands, the Start-Transaction command uses the RollbackPreference parameter with a value of “Never”. As a result, when an error occurs in a transaction command, the transaction is still active and can be completed successfully.

    Because most transactions must be performed without error, the default value of the RollbackPreference parameter is typically preferred.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 4 ————————–

    C:\PS>cd HKCU:\software

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> Get-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany2 -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> Complete-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> Complete-Transaction

    PS HKCU:\Software> Get-Transaction

    RollbackPreference SubscriberCount Status
    —————— ————— ——
    Error                2                 Active

    Description
    ———–
    This example shows the effect of using the Start-Transaction command while a transaction is in progress. The effect is much like joining the transaction in progress.

    Although this is a simplified command, this scenario commonly occurs when the transaction involves running a script that includes a complete transaction.

    The first Start-Transaction command starts the transaction. The first New-Item command is part of the transaction.

    The second Start-Transaction command adds a new subscriber to the transaction. The Get-Transaction command now returns a transaction with a subscriber count of 2. The second New-Item command is part of the same transaction.

    No changes are made to the Registry until the entire transaction is completed. To complete the transaction, you must enter two Complete-Transaction commands, one for each subscriber. If you were to roll back the transaction at any point, the entire transaction would be rolled back for both subscribers.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 5 ————————–

    C:\PS>cd HKCU:\software
    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction -Independent
    PS HKCU:\software> Get-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> Undo-Transaction

    PS HKCU:\software> New-Itemproperty -path MyCompany -name MyKey -value 123 -UseTransaction
    PS HKCU:\software> Complete-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> dir my*

    PS HKCU:\Software> Get-Transaction

    RollbackPreference SubscriberCount Status
    —————— ————— ——
    Error                1                 Active

    PS HKCU:\software> Undo-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Itemproperty -path MyCompany -name MyKey -value 123 -UseTransaction

    MyKey
    —–
    123

    PS HKCU:\software> Complete-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> dir my*

     Hive: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software

    SKC VC Name                         Property
    — — —-                         ——–
     0 1 MyCompany                     {MyKey}

    Description
    ———–
    This example shows the effect of using the Independent parameter of Start-Transaction to start a transaction while another transaction is in progress. In this case, the new transaction is rolled back without affecting the original transaction.

    Although the transactions are logically independent, because only one transaction can be active at a time, you must roll back or commit the newest transaction before resuming work on the original transaction.

    The first set of commands starts a transaction. The New-Item command is part of the first transaction.

    In the second set of commands, the Start-Transaction command uses the Independent parameter. The Get-Transaction command that follows shows the transaction object for the active transaction (the newest one). The subscriber count is equal to 1, showing that the transactions are unrelated.

    When the active transaction is rolled back by using an Undo-Transaction command, the original transaction becomes active again.

    The New-ItemProperty command, which is part of the original transaction, completes without error, and the original transaction can be completed by using the Complete-Transaction command. As a result, the Registry is changed.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 6 ————————–

    C:\PS>cd hkcu:\software

    PS HKCU:\software> Start-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany1 -UseTransaction
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany2
    PS HKCU:\software> New-Item MyCompany3 -UseTransaction

    PS HKCU:\software> dir my*

    PS HKCU:\software> Complete-Transaction
    PS HKCU:\software> dir my*

    PS HKCU:\Software> dir my*

     Hive: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software

    SKC VC Name                         Property
    — — —-                         ——–
     0 0 MyCompany2                     {}

    PS HKCU:\Software> Complete-Transaction

    PS HKCU:\Software> dir my*

     Hive: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software

    SKC VC Name                         Property
    — — —-                         ——–
     0 0 MyCompany1                     {}
     0 0 MyCompany2                     {}
     0 0 MyCompany3                     {}

    Description
    ———–
    This example demonstrates that commands that are submitted while a transaction is in progress can be included in the transaction or not included. Only commands that use the UseTransaction parameter are part of the transaction.

    The first and third New-Item commands use the UseTransaction parameter. These commands are part of the transaction. Because the second New-Item command does not use the UseTransaction parameter, it is not part of the transaction.

    The first “dir” command shows the effect. The second New-Item command is completed immediately, but the first and third New-Item commands are not effective until the transaction is committed.

    The Complete-Transaction command commits the transaction. As a result, the second “dir” command shows that all of the new items are added to the Registry.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 7 ————————–

    C:\PS>Start-Transaction -Timeout 2

    # Wait two minutes…

    C:\PS> Get-Transaction

    C:\PS> New-Item HKCU:\Software\MyCompany -UseTransaction

    C:\PS> Start-Transaction -Timeout 2

    # Wait two minutes…

    C:\PS>> Get-Transaction

    RollbackPreference SubscriberCount Status
    —————— ————— ———–
    Error                1                 RolledBack

    C:\PS> New-Item HKCU:\Software\MyCompany -UseTransaction
    New-Item : Cannot use transaction. The transaction has been rolled back or has timed out.
    At line:1 char:9
    + New-Item <<<< MyCompany -UseTransaction

    Description
    ———–
    This command uses the Timeout parameter of Start-Transaction to start a transaction that must be completed within two minutes. If the transaction is not complete when the timeout expires, it is rolled back automatically.

    When the timeout expires, you are not notified, but the Status property of the transaction object is set to RolledBack and commands that use the UseTransaction parameter fail.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135262
    about_transactions
    Get-Transaction
    Complete-Transaction
    Undo-Transaction
    Use-Transaction

cmdlet, Start, Transcript

Start-Transcript

NAME
    Start-Transcript

SYNOPSIS
    Creates a record of all or part of a Windows PowerShell session in a text file.

SYNTAX
    Start-Transcript [[-Path] <string>] [-Append] [-Force] [-NoClobber] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Start-Transcript cmdlet creates a record of all or part of a Windows PowerShell session in a text file. The transcript includes all command that the user types and all output that appears on the console.

PARAMETERS
    -Append [<SwitchParameter>]
        Adds the new transcript to the end of an existing file. Use the Path parameter to specify the file.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Force [<SwitchParameter>]
        Allows the cmdlet to append the transcript to an existing read-only file. When used on a read-only file, the cmdlet changes the file permission to read-write. Even using the Force parameter, the cmdlet cannot override security restrictions.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -NoClobber [<SwitchParameter>]
        Will not overwrite (replace the contents) of an existing file. By default, if a transcript file exists in the specified path, Start-Transcript overwrites the file without warning.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Path <string>
        Specifies a location for the transcript file. Enter a path to a .txt file. Wildcards are not permitted.

        If you do not specify a path, Start-Transcript uses the path in the value of the $Transcript global Variable. If you have not created this Variable, Start-Transcript stores the transcripts in the $Home\My Documents directory as \PowerShell_transcript.<time-stamp>.txt files.

        If any of the directories in the path do not exist, the command fails.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    None
        You cannot pipe objects to this cmdlet.

OUTPUTS
    System.String
        Start-Transcript returns a string that contains a confirmation message and the path to the output file.

NOTES

        To stop a transcript, use the Stop-Transcript cmdlet.

        To record an entire session, add the Start-Transcript command to your profile. For more information, see about_profiles.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>Start-Transcript

    Description
    ———–
    This command starts a transcript in the default file location.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Start-Transcript -Path c:\transcripts\transcript0.txt -NoClobber

    Description
    ———–
    This command starts a transcript in the Transcript0.txt file in C:\transcripts. The NoClobber parameter prevents any existing files from being overwritten. If the Transcript0.txt file already exists, the command fails.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113408
    Stop-Transcript

cmdlet, Computer, Stop

Stop-Computer

NAME
    Stop-Computer

SYNOPSIS
    Stops (shuts down) local and remote computers.

SYNTAX
    Stop-Computer [[-ComputerName] <string[]>] [[-Credential] <PSCredential>] [-AsJob] [-Authentication {Default | None | Connect | Call | Packet | PacketIntegrity | PacketPrivacy | Unchanged}] [-Force] [-Impersonation {Default | Anonymous | Identify | Impersonate | Delegate}] [-ThrottleLimit <int>] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Stop-Computer cmdlet shuts down computers remotely. It can also shut down the local computer.

    You can use the parameters of Stop-Computer to run the shutdown operations as a background job, to specify the authentication levels and alternate credentials, to limit the concurrent connections that are created to run the command, and to force an immediate shut down.

    This cmdlet does not require Windows PowerShell remoting unless you use the AsJob parameter.

PARAMETERS
    -AsJob [<SwitchParameter>]
        Runs the command as a background job.

        Note: To use this parameter, the local and remote computers must be configured for remoting and, on Windows Vista and later versions of Windows, you must open Windows PowerShell with the “Run as administrator” option. For more information, see about_remote_requirements“.

        When you use the AsJob parameter, the command immediately returns an object that represents the background job. You can continue to work in the session while the job completes. The job is created on the local computer and the results from remote computers are automatically returned to the local computer. To manage the job, use the Job cmdlets. To get the job results, use the Receive-Job cmdlet.

        For more information about Windows PowerShell background jobs, see about_jobs and see about_remote_Jobs.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Authentication <AuthenticationLevel>
        Specifies the authentication level that is used for the WMI connection. (Stop-Computer uses WMI.) The default value is Packet.

        Valid values are:

        Unchanged:     The authentication level is the same as the previous command.
        Default:         Windows Authentication.
        None:            No COM authentication.
        Connect:         Connect-level COM authentication.
        Call:            Call-level COM authentication.
        Packet:         Packet-level COM authentication.
        PacketIntegrity: Packet Integrity-level COM authentication.
        PacketPrivacy: Packet Privacy-level COM authentication.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                4
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -ComputerName <string[]>
        Stops the specified computers. The default is the local computer.

        Type the NETBIOS name, IP address, or fully qualified domain name of one or more computers in a comma-separated list. To specify the local computer, type the computername or “localhost”.

        This parameter does not rely on Windows PowerShell remoting. You can use the ComputerName parameter even if your computer is not configured to run remote commands.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    1
        Default value                .
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Credential <PSCredential>
        Specifies a user account that has permission to perform this action. The default is the current user.

        Type a user name, such as “User01” or “Domain01\User01”, or enter a PSCredential object, such as one from the Get-Credential cmdlet.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    2
        Default value                Current user
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Force [<SwitchParameter>]
        Forces an immediate shut down of the computers.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                False
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Impersonation <ImpersonationLevel>
        Specifies the impersonation level to use when calling WMI. (Stop-Computer uses WMI.) The default value is “Impersonate”.

        Valid values are:

        Default:     Default impersonation.
        Anonymous:    Hides the identity of the caller.
        Identify:     Allows objects to query the credentials of the caller.
        Impersonate: Allows objects to use the credentials of the caller.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                Impersonate
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -ThrottleLimit <int>
        Specifies the maximum number of concurrent connections that can be established to run this command. If you omit this parameter or enter a value of 0, the default value, 32, is used.

        The throttle limit applies only to the current command, not to the session or to the computer.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                32
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    None
        You cannot pipe input to this cmdlet.

OUTPUTS
    None or System.Management.Automation.RemotingJob
        When you use the AsJob parameter, the cmdlet returns a job object (System.Management.Automation.RemotingJob). Otherwise, it does not generate any output.

NOTES

        This cmdlet uses the Win32Shutdown method of the Win32_OperatingSystem WMI class.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>Stop-Computer

    Description
    ———–
    This command shuts down the local computer.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Stop-Computer -ComputerName Server01, Server02, localhost

    Description
    ———–
    This command stops two remote computers, Server01 and Server02, and the local computer, identified as “localhost”.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 3 ————————–

    C:\PS>$j = Stop-Computer -ComputerName Server01, Server02 -AsJob

    C:\PS> $results = $j | Receive-Job

    C:\PS> $results

    Description
    ———–
    These commands run a Stop-Computer command as a background job on two remote computers, and then get the results.

    The first command uses the AsJob parameter to run the command as a background job. The command saves the resulting job object in the $j Variable.

    The second command uses a pipeline operator to send the job object in $j to the Receive-Job cmdlet, which gets the job results. The command saves the results in the $results Variable.

    The third command displays the result saved in the $results Variable.

    Because the AsJob parameter creates the job on the local computer and automatically returns the results to the local computer, you can run the Receive-Job command as a local command.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 4 ————————–

    C:\PS>Stop-Computer -comp Server01 -Impersonation anonymous -Authentication PacketIntegrity

    Description
    ———–
    This command restarts the Server01 remote computer. The command uses customized impersonation and authentication settings.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 5 ————————–

    C:\PS>$s = Get-Content domain01.txt

    C:\PS> $c = Get-Credential domain01\admin01

    C:\PS> Stop-Computer -ComputerName $s -Force -ThrottleLimit 10 -Credential $c

    Description
    ———–
    These commands force an immediate shut down of all of the computers in Domain01.

    The first command gets a list of computers in the domain and saves it in the $s Variable.

    The second command gets the credentials of a domain administrator and saves them in the $c Variable.

    The third command shuts down the computers. It uses ComputerName parameter to submit the list of computers in the $s Variable, the Force parameter to force an immediate shutdown, and the Credential parameter to submit the credentials saved in the $c Variable. It also uses the ThrottleLimit parameter to limit the command to 10 concurrent connections.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135263
    Add-Computer
    Checkpoint-Computer
    Remove-Computer
    Restart-Computer
    Restore-Computer
    Test-Connection

cmdlet, Job, Stop

Stop-Job

NAME
    Stop-Job

SYNOPSIS
    Stops a Windows PowerShell background job.

SYNTAX
    Stop-Job [[-InstanceId] <Guid[]>] [-PassThru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

    Stop-Job [-Job] <Job[]> [-PassThru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

    Stop-Job [[-Name] <string[]>] [-PassThru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

    Stop-Job [-Id] <Int32[]> [-PassThru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

    Stop-Job [-State {NotStarted | Running | Completed | Failed | Stopped | Blocked}] [-PassThru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Stop-Job cmdlet stops Windows PowerShell background jobs that are in progress. You can use this cmdlet to stop all jobs or stop selected jobs based on their name, ID, instance ID, or state, or by passing a job object to Stop-Job.

    You can use Stop-Job to stop jobs that were started by using Start-Job or the AsJob parameter of Invoke-Command. When you stop a background job, Windows PowerShell completes all tasks that are pending in that job queue and then ends the job. No new tasks are added to the queue after this command is submitted.

    This cmdlet does not delete background jobs. To delete a job, use Remove-Job.

PARAMETERS
    -Id <Int32[]>
        Stops jobs with the specified IDs. The default is all jobs in the current session.

        The ID is an integer that uniquely identifies the job within the current session. It is easier to remember and type than the InstanceId, but it is unique only within the current session. You can type one or more IDs (separated by commas). To find the ID of a job, type “Get-Job” without parameters.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -InstanceId <Guid[]>
        Stops only jobs with the specified instance IDs. The default is all jobs.

        An instance ID is a GUID that uniquely identifies the job on the computer. To find the instance ID of a job, use Get-Job.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Job <Job[]>
        Specifies the jobs to be stopped. Enter a Variable that contains the jobs or a command that gets the jobs. You can also use a pipeline operator to submit jobs to the Stop-Job cmdlet. By default, Stop-Job deletes all jobs that were started in the current session.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByValue, ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Name <string[]>
        Stops only the jobs with the specified friendly names. Enter the job names in a comma-separated list or use wildcard characters (*) to enter a job name pattern. By default, Stop-Job stops all jobs created in the current session.

        Because the friendly name is not guaranteed to be unique, use the WhatIf and Confirm parameters when stopping jobs by name.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? true

    -PassThru [<SwitchParameter>]
        Returns an object representing the new background job. By default, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -State <JobState>
        Stops only jobs within the specified state. Valid values are NotStarted, Running, Completed, Stopped, Failed, and Blocked.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    System.Management.Automation.RemotingJob
        You can pipe a job object to Stop-Job.

OUTPUTS
    None or System.Management.Automation.RemotingJob
        When you use the PassThru parameter, Stop-Job returns a job object. Otherwise, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

NOTES

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>$s = New-PSSession -computername Server01 -credential domain01\admin02

    C:\PS> $j = Invoke-Command -session $s -scriptblock {Start-Job -scriptblock {Get-Eventlog system}}

    C:\PS> Invoke-Command -session $s -scriptblock {param($j) Stop-Job -job $j} -ArgumentList $j

    Description
    ———–
    This example shows how to use the Stop-Job cmdlet to stop a job that is running on a remote computer.

    Because the job was started by using Invoke-Command to run a Start-Job command remotely, the job object is stored on the remote computer, and you must use another Invoke-Command command to run a Stop-Job command remotely. For more information about remote background jobs, see about_remote_Jobs.

    The first command creates a Windows PowerShell session (PSSession) on the Server01 computer and saves the session object in the $s Variable. The command uses the credentials of a domain administrator.

    The second command uses the Invoke-Command cmdlet to run a Start-Job command in the session. The command in the job gets all of the events in the System event log. The resulting job object is stored in the $j Variable.

    The third command stops the job. It uses the Invoke-Command cmdlet to run a Stop-Job command in the PSSession on Server01. Because the job objects are stored in $j, which is a Variable on the local computer, the command uses the “param” keyword to declare the local Variables in the command, and it uses the ArgumentList parameter to supply values for the Variables.

    When the command completes, the job is stopped and the PSSession in $s is available for use.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Stop-Job -state failed

    Description
    ———–
    This command stops all jobs with a State value of “Failed”.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 3 ————————–

    C:\PS>Stop-Job -name job1

    Description
    ———–
    This command stops the Job1 background job.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 4 ————————–

    C:\PS>Stop-Job -Id 1, 3, 4

    Description
    ———–
    This command stops three jobs. It identifies them by their IDs.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 5 ————————–

    C:\PS>Get-Job | Stop-Job

    Description
    ———–
    This command stops all the background jobs in the current session.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 6 ————————–

    C:\PS>Stop-Job -state blocked

    Description
    ———–
    This command stops all the jobs with a job status of “Blocked”.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 7 ————————–

    C:\PS>Get-Job | Format-Table ID, Name, Command, @{Label=”State”;Expression={$_.jobstateinfo.state}}, I
    nstanceID -auto

    Id Name Command                 State InstanceId
    — —- ——-                 —– ———-
     1 Job1 Start-Service schedule Running 05abb67a-2932-4bd5-b331-c0254b8d9146
     3 Job3 Start-Service schedule Running c03cbd45-19f3-4558-ba94-ebe41b68ad03
     5 Job5 Get-Service s*         Blocked e3bbfed1-9c53-401a-a2c3-a8db34336adf

    C:\PS> Stop-Job -instanceid e3bbfed1-9c53-401a-a2c3-a8db34336adf

    Description
    ———–
    These commands show how to stop a job based on its instance ID.

    The first command uses a Get-Job command to get the jobs in the current session. The command uses a pipeline operator (|) to send the jobs to a Format-Table command, which displays a table of the specified properties of each job. The table includes the Instance ID of each job. It uses a calculated property to display the job state.

    The second command uses a Stop-Job command with the InstanceID parameter to stop a selected job.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 8 ————————–

    C:\PS>$j = Invoke-Command -computername Server01 -scriptblock {Get-Eventlog system} -asjob

    C:\PS> $j | Stop-Job -PassThru

    Id    Name    State     HasMoreData     Location         Command
    —    —-    —-     ———–     ——–         ——-
    5     Job5    Stopped    True            judithh-tablet Get-Eventlog system

    Description
    ———–
    This example shows how to use the Stop-Job cmdlet to stop a job that is running on a remote computer.

    Because the job was started by using the AsJob parameter of Invoke-Command, the job object is located on the local computer, even though the job runs on the remote computer. As such, you can use a local Stop-Job command to stop the job.

    The first command uses the Invoke-Command cmdlet to start a background job on the Server01 computer. The command uses the AsJob parameter to run the remote command as a background job.

    This command returns a job object, which is the same job object that Start-Job returns. The command saves the job object in the $j Variable.

    The second command uses a pipeline operator to send the job in the $j Variable to Stop-Job. The command uses the PassThru parameter to direct Stop-Job to return a job object. The job object display confirms that the State of the job is “Stopped”.

    For more information about remote background jobs, see about_remote_Jobs.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113413
    about_jobs
    about_job_details
    about_remote_Jobs
    Start-Job
    Get-Job
    Receive-Job
    Wait-Job
    Remove-Job
    Invoke-Command

cmdlet, Set, TraceSource

Set-TraceSource

NAME
    Set-TraceSource

SYNOPSIS
    Configures, starts, and stops a trace of Windows PowerShell components.

SYNTAX
    Set-TraceSource [[-Option] {None | Constructor | Dispose | Finalizer | Method | Property | Delegates | Events | Exception | Lock | Error | Errors | Warning | Verbose | WriteLine | Data | Scope | ExecutionFlow | Assert | All}] [-Debugger] [-FilePath <string>] [-Force] [-ListenerOption {None | LogicalOperationStack | DateTime | Timestamp | ProcessId | ThreadId | Callstack}] [-PassThru] [-PSHost] [-Name] <string[]> [<CommonParameters>]

    Set-TraceSource [-RemoveListener <string[]>] [-Name] <string[]> [<CommonParameters>]

    Set-TraceSource [-RemoveFileListener <string[]>] [-Name] <string[]> [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Set-TraceSource cmdlet configures, starts, and stops a trace of a Windows PowerShell component. You can use it to specify which components will be traced and where the tracing output is sent.

PARAMETERS
    -Debugger [<SwitchParameter>]
        Sends the trace output to the debugger. You can view the output in any user-mode or kernel mode debugger or in Microsoft Visual Studio. This parameter also selects the default trace listener.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -FilePath <string>
        Sends the trace output to the specified file. This parameter also selects the file trace listener. If you use this parameter to start the trace, use the RemoveFileListener parameter to stop the trace.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Force [<SwitchParameter>]
        Allows the cmdlet to overwrite a read-only file. Use with the FilePath parameter.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -ListenerOption <TraceOptions>
        Adds optional data to the prefix of each trace message in the output. The valid values are “None”, “LogicalOperationStack”, “DateTime”, “Timestamp”, “ProcessId”, “ThreadId”, and “Callstack”. “None” is the default.

        To specify multiple options, separate them with commas, but with no spaces, and enclose them in quotation marks, such as “ProcessID,ThreadID”.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Name <string[]>
        Determines which components are traced. Enter the name of the trace source of each component. Wildcards are permitted.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByValue, ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Option <PSTraceSourceOptions>
        Determines the type of events that are traced.

        The valid values are: “None”, “Constructor”, “Dispose”, “Finalizer”, “Method”, “Property”, “Delegates”, “Events”, “Exception”, “Lock”, “Error”, “Errors”, “Warning”, “Verbose”, “WriteLine”, “Data”, “Scope”, “ExecutionFlow”, “Assert”, and “All”. “All” is the default.

        The following values are combinations of other values:

        — ExecutionFlow: (Constructor, Dispose, Finalizer, Method, Delegates, Events, and Scope)

        — Data: (Constructor, Dispose, Finalizer, Property, Verbose, and WriteLine)

        — Errors: (Error and Exception).

        To specify multiple options, separate them with commas, but with no spaces, and enclose them in quotation marks, such as “Constructor,Dispose”.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    2
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -PassThru [<SwitchParameter>]
        Returns an object representing the trace session. By default, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -PSHost [<SwitchParameter>]
        Sends the trace output to the Windows PowerShell host. This parameter also selects the PSHost trace listener.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -RemoveFileListener <string[]>
        Stops the trace by removing the file trace listener associated with the specified file. Enter the path and file name of the trace output file.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -RemoveListener <string[]>
        Stops the trace by removing the trace listener.

        Use the following values with RemoveListener:

        –To remove PSHost (console), type “Host”.
        –To remove Debugger, type “Debug”.
        –To remove all trace listeners, type “*”.

        To remove the file trace listener, use the RemoveFileListener parameter.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    System.String
        You can pipe a string that contains a name to Set-TraceSource.

OUTPUTS
    None or System.Management.Automation.PSTraceSource
        When you use the PassThru parameter, Set-TraceSource generates a System.Management.Automation.PSTraceSource object representing the trace session. Otherwise, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

NOTES

        Tracing is a method that developers use to debug and refine programs. When tracing, the program generates detailed messages about each step in its internal processing.

        The Windows PowerShell tracing cmdlets are designed to help Windows PowerShell developers, but they are available to all users. They let you monitor nearly every aspect of the Functionality of Windows PowerShell.

        A “trace source” is the part of each Windows PowerShell component that manages tracing and generates trace messages for the component. To trace a component, you identify its trace source.

        A “trace listener” receives the output of the trace and displays it to the user. You can elect to send the trace data to a user-mode or kernel-mode debugger, to the console, to a file, or to a custom listener derived from the System.Diagnostics.TraceListener class.

        To start a trace, use the Name parameter to specify a trace source (the component to be traced) and the FilePath, Debugger, or PSHost parameters to specify a listener (a destination for the output). Use the Options parameter to determine the types of events that are traced and the ListenerOptions parameter to configure the trace output.

        To change the configuration of a trace, enter a Set-TraceSource command as you would to start a trace. Windows PowerShell recognizes that the trace source is already being traced. It stops the trace, adds the new configuration, and starts or restarts the trace.

        To stop a trace, use the RemoveListener parameter. To stop a trace that uses the file listener (a trace started by using the -FilePath parameter), use the RemoveFileListener parameter. When you remove the listener, the trace stops.

        To determine which components can be traced, use Get-TraceSource. The trace sources for each module are loaded automatically when the component is in use, and they appear in the output of Get-TraceSource.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-TraceSource -Name Parameterbinding -Option ExecutionFlow -PSHost ‘
    -ListenerOption “ProcessID,TimeStamp”

    Description
    ———–
    This command starts tracing for the ParameterBinding component of Windows PowerShell. It uses the Name parameter to specify the trace source, the Option parameter to select the ExecutionFlow trace events, and the PSHost parameter to select the Windows PowerShell host listener, which sends the output to the console. The ListenerOption parameter adds the “ProcessID” and “TimeStamp” values to the trace message prefix.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-TraceSource -Name ParameterBinding -RemoveListener Host

    Description
    ———–
    This command stops the trace of the ParameterBinding component of Windows PowerShell. It uses the Name parameter to identify the component that was being traced and the RemoveListener parameter to identify the trace listener.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113400
    Get-TraceSource
    Trace-Command
    Set-PSDebug

Acl, cmdlet, Set

Set-Acl

NAME
    Set-Acl

SYNOPSIS
    Changes the security descriptor of a specified resource, such as a file or a Registry key.

SYNTAX
    Set-Acl [-Path] <string[]> [-AclObject] <ObjectSecurity> [-Exclude <string[]>] [-Filter <string>] [-Include <string[]>] [-Passthru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [-UseTransaction] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Set-Acl cmdlet changes the security descriptor of a specified resource, such as a file or a Registry key, to match the values in a security descriptor that you supply.

    To use Set-Acl, use the Path parameter to identify the resource whose security descriptor you want to change, and use the AclObject parameter to supply a security descriptor that has the values you want to apply. Set-Acl uses the value of the AclObject parameter as a model and changes the values in the resource’s security descriptor to match the values in the AclObject parameter.

PARAMETERS
    -AclObject <ObjectSecurity>
        Specifies an ACL with the desired property values. Set-Acl changes the ACL of resource specified by the Path parameter to match the values in the specified security object.

        You can save the output of a Get-Acl command in a Variable and then use the AclObject parameter to pass the Variable, or type a Get-Acl command.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    2
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByValue)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Exclude <string[]>
        Omits the specified items. The value of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter. Enter a path element or pattern, such as “*.txt”. Wildcards are permitted.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Filter <string>
        Specifies a filter in the provider’s format or language. The value of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter. The syntax of the filter, including the use of wildcards, depends on the provider. Filters are more efficient than other parameters, because the provider applies them when retrieving the objects, rather than having Windows PowerShell filter the objects after they are retrieved.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Include <string[]>
        Changes only the specified items. The value of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter. Enter a path element or pattern, such as “*.txt”. Wildcards are permitted.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Passthru [<SwitchParameter>]
        Returns an object representing the security descriptor. By default, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Path <string[]>
        Identifies the resource whose security descriptor you want to change. Enter the path to a resource, such as a path to a file or Registry key. Wildcards are permitted.

        If you pass a security object to Set-Acl (either by using the AclObject parameter or by passing an object from Get-Acl to Set-Acl), and you omit the Path parameter (name and value), Set-Acl uses the path that is included in the security object.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -UseTransaction [<SwitchParameter>]
        Includes the command in the active transaction. This parameter is valid only when a transaction is in progress. For more information, see about_transactions.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    System.Security.AccessControl.ObjectSecurity
        You can pipe a security descriptor to Set-Acl.

OUTPUTS
    None or security object
        By default, Set-Acl does not generate any output. However, if you use the -Passthru parameter, it generates a security object. The type of the security object depends on the type of the resource.

NOTES

        The Set-Acl cmdlet is supported by the Windows PowerShell file system and Registry providers. As such, you can use it to change the security descriptors of files, directories, and Registry keys.

        When specifying multiple values for a parameter, use commas to separate the values. For example, “<parameter-name> <value1>, <value2>”.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>$DogACL = Get-Acl c:\dog.txt

    C:\PS>Set-Acl -Path C:\cat.txt -AclObject $DogACL

    Description
    ———–
    These commands copy the values from the security descriptor of the Dog.txt file to the security descriptor of the Cat.txt file. When the commands complete, the security descriptors of the Dog.txt and Cat.txt files are identical.

    The first command uses the Get-Acl cmdlet to get the security descriptor of the Dog.txt file. The assignment operator (=) stores the security descriptor in the value of the $DogACL Variable.

    The second command uses Set-Acl to change the values in the ACL of Cat.txt to the values in $DogACL.

    The value of the Path parameter is the path to the Cat.txt file. The value of the AclObject parameter is the model ACL, in this case, the ACL of Dog.txt as saved in the $DogACL Variable.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Get-Acl c:\dog.txt | Set-Acl -Path C:\cat.txt

    Description
    ———–
    This command is almost the same as the command in the previous example, except that it uses a pipeline operator to send the security descriptor retrieved in a Get-Acl command to a Set-Acl command.

    The first command uses the Get-Acl cmdlet to get the security descriptor of the Dog.txt file. The pipeline operator (|) passes an object that represents the Dog.txt security descriptor to the Set-Acl command.

    The second command uses Set-Acl to apply the security descriptor of Dog.txt to Cat.txt. When the command completes, the ACLs of the Dog.txt and Cat.txt files are identical.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 3 ————————–

    C:\PS>$newACL = Get-Acl file0.txt

    C:\PS>Get-ChildItem c:\temp -recurse -Include *.txt -force | Set-Acl -AclObject $newacl

    Description
    ———–
    These commands apply the security descriptors in the File0.txt file to all text files in the C:\Temp directory and all of its subdirectories.

    The first command gets the security descriptor of the File0.txt file in the current directory and uses the assignment operator (=) to store it in the $newACL Variable.

    The first command in the pipeline uses the Get-ChildItem cmdlet to get all of the text files in the C:\Temp directory. The Recurse parameter extends the command to all subdirectories of C:\temp. The Include parameter limits the files retrieved to those with the “.txt” file name extension. The Force parameter gets hidden files, which would otherwise be excluded. (You cannot use “c:\temp\*.txt”, because the Recurse parameter works on directories, not on files.)

    The pipeline operator (|) sends the objects representing the retrieved files to Set-Acl command, which applies the security descriptor in the AclObject parameter to all of the files in the pipeline.

    In practice, it is best to use the Whatif parameter with all Set-Acl commands that can affect more than one resource. In this case, the second command in the pipeline would be “Set-Acl -AclObject $newacl -WhatIf“. This command lists the files that would be affected by the command. After reviewing the result, you can run the command again without the Whatif parameter.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113389
    Get-Acl

Alias, cmdlet, Set

Set-Alias

NAME
    Set-Alias

SYNOPSIS
    Creates or changes an Alias (alternate name) for a cmdlet or other command element in the current Windows PowerShell session.

SYNTAX
    Set-Alias [-Name] <string> [-Value] <string> [-Description <string>] [-Force] [-Option {None | ReadOnly | Constant | Private | AllScope}] [-PassThru] [-Scope <string>] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Set-Alias cmdlet creates or changes an Alias (alternate name) for a cmdlet or for a command element, such as a Function, a script, a file, or other executable. You can also use Set-Alias to reassign a current Alias to a new command, or to change any of the properties of an Alias, such as its description. Unless you add the Alias to the Windows PowerShell profile, the changes to an Alias are lost when you exit the session or close Windows PowerShell.

PARAMETERS
    -Description <string>
        Specifies a description of the Alias. You can type any string. If the description includes spaces, enclose it quotation marks.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Force [<SwitchParameter>]
        Allows the cmdlet to set a read-only Alias. Use the Option parameter to create a read-only Alias. The Force parameter cannot set a constant Alias.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Name <string>
        Specifies the new Alias. You can use any alphanumeric characters in an Alias, but the first character cannot be a number.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Option <ScopedItemOptions>
        Sets the value of the Options property of the Alias.

        Valid values are:

        — None: Sets no options. (default)

        — ReadOnly: The properties of the Alias cannot be changed, except by using the Force parameter. You can use Remove-Item to delete the Alias.

        — Constant: The Alias cannot be deleted and its properties cannot be changed. Constant is available only when you are creating an Alias. You cannot change the option of an existing Alias to Constant.

        — Private: The Alias is available only within the scope specified by the Scope parameter. It is invisible in all other scopes.

        — AllScope: The Alias is copied to any new scopes that are created.

        To see the Options property of the Aliases, type “Get-Alias | Format-Table -property Name, Definition, Options -autosize”.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -PassThru [<SwitchParameter>]
        Returns an object representing the Alias. By default, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Scope <string>
        Specifies the scope in which this Alias is valid. Valid values are “Global”, “Local”, or “Script”, or a number relative to the current scope (0 through the number of scopes, where 0 is the current scope and 1 is its parent). “Local” is the default. For more information, see about_scopes.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Value <string>
        Specifies the name of the cmdlet or command element that is being Aliased.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    2
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    None
        You cannot pipe input to this cmdlet.

OUTPUTS
    None or System.Management.Automation.AliasInfo
        When you use the PassThru parameter, Set-Alias generates a System.Management.Automation.AliasInfo object representing the Alias. Otherwise, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

NOTES

        An Alias is an alternate name or nickname for a cmdlet or command element. To run the cmdlet, you can use its full name or any valid Alias. For more information, see about_aliases.

        To create a new Alias, use Set-Alias or New-Alias. To delete an Alias, use Remove-Item.

        A cmdlet can have multiple Aliases, but an Alias can only be associated with one cmdlet at a time. If you use Set-Alias to associate the Alias with a different cmdlet, it is no longer associated with the original cmdlet.

        You can create an Alias for a cmdlet, but you cannot create an Alias for a command with parameters and values. For example, you can create an Alias for Set-Location, but you cannot create an Alias for “Set-Location C:\Windows\System32″. To create an Alias for a command, create a Function that includes the command, and then create an Alias to the Function.

        To save the Aliases from a session and use them in a different session, add the Set-Alias command to your Windows PowerShell profile. Profiles do not exist by default. To create a profile in the path stored in the $profile Variable, type “New-Item -type file -Force $profile”. To see the value of the $profile Variable, type “$profile”.

        You can also save your Aliases by using Export-Alias to copy the Aliases from the session to a file, and then use Import-Alias to add them to the Alias list for a new session.

        You can also refer to Set-Alias by its built-in Alias, “sal”. For more information, see about_aliases.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-Alias -Name list -Value Get-ChildItem

    Description
    ———–
    This command creates the Alias “list” for the Get-ChildItem cmdlet. After you create the Alias, you can use “list” in place of “Get-ChildItem” at the command line and in scripts.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-Alias list Get-Location

    Description
    ———–
    This command associates the Alias “list” with the Get-Location cmdlet. If “list” is an Alias for another cmdlet, this command changes its association so that it now is the Alias only for Get-Location.

    This command uses the same format as the command in the previous example, but it omits the optional parameter names, -Name and -Value. When you omit parameter names, the values of those parameters must appear in the specified order in the command. In this case, the value of -Name (“list”) must be the first parameter and the value of -Value (“Get-Location“) must be the second parameter.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 3 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-Alias scrub Remove-Item -Option readonly -PassThru | Format-List

    Description
    ———–
    This command associates the Alias “scrub” with the Remove-Item cmdlet. It uses the “ReadOnly” option to prevent the Alias from being deleted or assigned to another cmdlet.

    The PassThru parameter directs Windows PowerShell to pass an object that represents the new Alias through the pipeline to the Format-List cmdlet. If the PassThru parameter were omitted, there would be no output from this cmdlet to display (in a list or otherwise).

    ————————– EXAMPLE 4 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-Alias np c:\windows\notepad.exe

    Description
    ———–
    This command associates the Alias, “np”, with the executable file for Notepad. After the command completes, to open Notepad from the Windows PowerShell command line, just type “np”.

    This example demonstrates that you can create Aliases for executable files and elements other than cmdlets.

    To make the command more generic, you can use the “Windir” Environment Variable (${env:windir}) to represent the C\Windows directory. The generic version of the command is “Set-Alias np ${env:windir}\notepad.exe”.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 5 ————————–

    C:\PS>function CD32 {Set-Location c:\windows\system32}

    C:\PS>Set-Alias go cd32

    Description
    ———–
    These commands show how to assign an Alias to a command with parameters, or even to a pipeline of many commands.

    You can create an Alias for a cmdlet, but you cannot create an Alias for a command that consists of a cmdlet and its parameters. However, if you place the command in a Function or a script, then you can create a useful Function or script name and you can create one or more Aliases for the Function or script.

    In this example, the user wants to create an Alias for the command “Set-Location c:\windows\system32″, where “Set-Location” is a cmdlet and “C:\Windows\System32” is the value of the Path parameter.

    To do this, the first command creates a Function called “CD32” that contains the Set-Location command.

    The second command creates the Alias “go” for the CD32 Function. Then, to run the Set-Location command, the user can type either “CD32” or “go”.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113390
    Get-Alias
    New-Alias
    Export-Alias
    Import-Alias

AuthenticodeSignature, cmdlet, Set

Set-AuthenticodeSignature

NAME
    Set-AuthenticodeSignature

SYNOPSIS
    Adds an Authenticode signature to a Windows PowerShell script or other file.

SYNTAX
    Set-AuthenticodeSignature [-FilePath] <string[]> [-Certificate] <X509Certificate2> [-Force] [-HashAlgorithm <string>] [-IncludeChain <string>] [-TimestampServer <string>] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Set-AuthenticodeSignature cmdlet adds an Authenticode signature to any file that supports Subject Interface Package (SIP).

    In a Windows PowerShell script file, the signature takes the form of a block of text that indicates the end of the instructions that are executed in the script. If there is a signature in the file when this cmdlet runs, that signature is removed.

PARAMETERS
    -Certificate <X509Certificate2>
        Specifies the Certificate that will be used to sign the script or file. Enter a Variable that stores an object representing the Certificate or an expression that gets the Certificate.

        To find a Certificate, use Get-PfxCertificate or use the Get-ChildItem cmdlet in the Certificate (Cert:) drive. If the Certificate is not valid or does not have code-signing authority, the command fails.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    2
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -FilePath <string[]>
        Specifies the path to a file that is being signed.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByValue, ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Force [<SwitchParameter>]
        Allows the cmdlet to append a signature to a read-only file. Even using the Force parameter, the cmdlet cannot override security restrictions.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -HashAlgorithm <string>
        Specifies the hashing algorithm that Windows uses to compute the digital signature for the file. The default is SHA1, which is the Windows default hashing algorithm.

        Files that are signed with a different hashing algorithm might not be recognized on other systems.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value                SHA1
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -IncludeChain <string>
        Determines which Certificates in the Certificate trust chain are included in the digital signature. “NotRoot” is the default.

        Valid values are:

        — Signer: Includes only the signer’s Certificate.

        — NotRoot: Includes all of the Certificates in the Certificate chain, except for the root authority.

        –All: Includes all the Certificates in the Certificate chain.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -TimestampServer <string>
        Uses the specified time stamp server to add a time stamp to the signature. Type the URL of the time stamp server as a string.

        The time stamp represents the exact time that the Certificate was added to the file. A time stamp prevents the script from failing if the Certificate expires because users and programs can verify that the Certificate was valid at the time of signing.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    System.String
        You can pipe a string that contains the file path to Set-AuthenticodeSignature.

OUTPUTS
    System.Management.Automation.Signature

NOTES

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>$cert=Get-ChildItem -Path cert:\CurrentUser\my -CodeSigningCert

    C:\PS>Set-AuthenticodeSignature -FilePath PsTestInternet2.ps1 -Certificate $cert

    Description
    ———–
    These commands retrieve a code-signing Certificate from the Windows PowerShell Certificate provider and use it to sign a Windows PowerShell script.

    The first command uses the Get-ChildItem cmdlet and the Windows PowerShell Certificate provider to get the Certificates in the Cert:\CurrentUser\My subdirectory of the Certificate store. (The Cert: drive is the drive exposed by the Certificate provider.) The CodeSigningCert parameter, which is supported only by the Certificate provider, limits the Certificates retrieved to those with code-signing authority. The command stores the result in the $cert Variable.

    The second command uses the Set-AuthenticodeSignature cmdlet to sign the PSTestInternet2.ps1 script. It uses the FilePath parameter to specify the name of the script and the Certificate parameter to specify that the Certificate is stored in the $cert Variable.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>$cert = Get-PfxCertificate C:\Test\Mysign.pfx

    C:\PS>Set-AuthenticodeSignature -FilePath ServerProps.ps1 -Cert $cert

    Description
    ———–
    These commands use the Get-PfxCertificate cmdlet to find a code signing Certificate. Then, they use it to sign a Windows PowerShell script.

    The first command uses the Get-PfxCertificate cmdlet to find the C:\Test\MySign.pfx Certificate and store it in the $cert Variable.

    The second command uses Set-AuthenticodeSignature to sign the script. The FilePath parameter of Set-AuthenticodeSignature specifies the path to the script file being signed and the Cert parameter passes the $cert Variable containing the Certificate to Set-AuthenticodeSignature.

    If the Certificate file is password protected, Windows PowerShell prompts you for the password.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 3 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-AuthenticodeSignature -FilePath c:\scripts\Remodel.ps1 -Certificate $cert -IncludeChain All -TimestampServer “http://timestamp.fabrikam.com/scripts/timstamper.dll”

    Description
    ———–
    This command adds a digital signature that includes the root authority in the trust chain, and it is signed by a third-party timestamp server.

    The command uses the FilePath parameter to specify the script being signed and the Certificate parameter to specify the Certificate that is saved in the $cert Variable. It uses the IncludeChain parameter to include all of the signatures in the trust chain (including the root authority). It also uses the TimeStampServer parameter to add a timestamp to the signature. This prevents the script from failing when the Certificate expires.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113391
    about_Signing
    about_execution_policies
    Get-AuthenticodeSignature
    Get-PfxCertificate
    Get-ExecutionPolicy
    Set-ExecutionPolicy

cmdlet, Content, Set

Set-Content

NAME
    Set-Content

SYNOPSIS
    Writes or replaces the content in an item with new content.

SYNTAX
    Set-Content [-LiteralPath] <string[]> [-Value] <Object[]> [-Credential <PSCredential>] [-Exclude <string[]>] [-Filter <string>] [-Force] [-Include <string[]>] [-PassThru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [-UseTransaction] [<CommonParameters>]

    Set-Content [-Path] <string[]> [-Value] <Object[]> [-Credential <PSCredential>] [-Exclude <string[]>] [-Filter <string>] [-Force] [-Include <string[]>] [-PassThru] [-Confirm] [-WhatIf] [-UseTransaction] [<CommonParameters>]

DESCRIPTION
    The Set-Content cmdlet is a string-processing cmdlet that writes or replaces the content in the specified item, such as a file. Whereas the Add-Content cmdlet appends content to a file, Set-Content replaces the existing content. You can type the content in the command or send content through the pipeline to Set-Content.

PARAMETERS
    -Credential <PSCredential>
        Specifies a user account that has permission to perform this action. The default is the current user.

        Type a user name, such as “User01” or “Domain01\User01”, or enter a PSCredential object, such as one generated by the Get-Credential cmdlet. If you type a user name, you will be prompted for a password.

        This parameter is not supported by any providers installed with Windows PowerShell

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Exclude <string[]>
        Omits the specified items. The value of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter. Enter a path element or pattern, such as “*.txt”. Wildcards are permitted.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Filter <string>
        Specifies a filter in the provider’s format or language. The value of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter. The syntax of the filter, including the use of wildcards, depends on the provider. Filters are more efficient than other parameters, because the provider applies them when retrieving the objects, rather than having Windows PowerShell filter the objects after they are retrieved.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Force [<SwitchParameter>]
        Allows the cmdlet to set the contents of a file, even if the file is read-only. Implementation varies from provider to provider. For more information, see about_providers. Even using the Force parameter, the cmdlet cannot override security restrictions.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Include <string[]>
        Changes only the specified items. The value of this parameter qualifies the Path parameter. Enter a path element or pattern, such as “*.txt”. Wildcards are permitted.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -LiteralPath <string[]>
        Specifies the path to the item that will receive the content. Unlike Path, the value of LiteralPath is used exactly as it is typed. No characters are interpreted as wildcards. If the path includes escape characters, enclose it in single quotation marks. Single quotation marks tell Windows PowerShell not to interpret any characters as escape sequences.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -PassThru [<SwitchParameter>]
        Returns an object representing the content. By default, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Path <string[]>
        Specifies the path to the item that will receive the content. Wildcards are permitted.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    1
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Value <Object[]>
        Specifies the new content for the item.

        Required?                    true
        Position?                    2
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     true (ByValue, ByPropertyName)
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -Confirm [<SwitchParameter>]
        Prompts you for confirmation before executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -WhatIf [<SwitchParameter>]
        Describes what would happen if you executed the command without actually executing the command.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    -UseTransaction [<SwitchParameter>]
        Includes the command in the active transaction. This parameter is valid only when a transaction is in progress. For more information, see about_transactions.

        Required?                    false
        Position?                    named
        Default value
        Accept pipeline input?     false
        Accept wildcard characters? false

    <CommonParameters>
        This cmdlet supports the common parameters: Verbose, Debug,
        ErrorAction, ErrorVariable, WarningAction, WarningVariable,
        OutBuffer and OutVariable. For more information, type,
        “Get-Help about_CommonParameters“.

INPUTS
    System.Object
        You can pipe an object that contains the new value for the item to Set-Content.

OUTPUTS
    None or System.String
        When you use the Passthru parameter, Set-Content generates a System.String object representing the content. Otherwise, this cmdlet does not generate any output.

NOTES

        You can also refer to Set-Content by its built-in Alias, “sc”. For more information, see about_aliases.

        Set-Content is designed for string processing. If you pipe non-string objects to Set-Content, it converts the object to a string before writing it. To write objects to files, use Out-File.

        The Set-Content cmdlet is designed to work with the data exposed by any provider. To list the providers available in your session, type “Get-PSProvider“. For more information, see about_providers.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 1 ————————–

    C:\PS>Set-Content -Path C:\Test1\test*.txt -Value “Hello, World”

    Description
    ———–
    This command replaces the contents of all files in the Test1 directory that have names beginning with “test” with “Hello, World”. This example shows how to specify content by typing it in the command.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 2 ————————–

    C:\PS>Get-Date | Set-Content C:\Test1\date.csv

    Description
    ———–
    This command creates a comma-separated Variable-length (csv) file that contains only the current date and time. It uses the Get-Date cmdlet to get the current system date and time. The pipeline operator passes the result to Set-Content, which creates the file and writes the content.

    If the Test1 directory does not exist, the command fails, but if the file does not exist, the command will create it.

    ————————– EXAMPLE 3 ————————–

    C:\PS>(Get-Content Notice.txt) | ForEach-Object {$_ -replace “Warning”, “Caution”} | Set-Content Notice.txt

    Description
    ———–
    This command replaces all instances of “Warning” with “Caution” in the Notice.txt file.

    It uses the Get-Content cmdlet to get the content of Notice.txt. The pipeline operator sends the results to the ForEach-Object cmdlet, which applies the expression to each line of content in Get-Content. The expression uses the “$_” symbol to refer to the current item and the Replace parameter to specify the text to be replaced.

    Another pipeline operator sends the changed content to Set-Content which replaces the text in Notice.txt with the new content.

    The parentheses around the Get-Content command ensure that the Get operation is complete before the Set operation begins. Without them, the command will fail because the two Functions will be trying to access the same file.

RELATED LINKS
    Online version: http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=113392
    about_providers
    Add-Content
    Get-Content
    Clear-Content